The ways neurons function helps Essay Example for Free

The ways neurons function helps EssayTypically, this type of stimulus-response reflexive action involves a collection of neurons initiating and provoking responses across synaptic junctions into other neurons. Synaptic inter-neuronal communication has illuminated demeanoral knowledge as malfunction at the synapse is thought to be psychological disorders such as mood disturbance (Toates, 2007).Electrical signals arriving at the synaptic cleft trigger the release of stored neurotransmitters which operate as chemical messengers travel neuronal impulses towards the target neuron. Target neuron receptors are unique(predicate) to particular neurotransmitters thereby prohibiting erroneous stimulation of any neighbouring neurons. Once occupied, the neurotransmitter effectuates either an excitatory or inhibitory response in the post-synaptic neuron thus achieving a chemical bridge to conduct electrical impulses translated from stimuli.The biologic perspective assumes that neuronal activity forms the biological infrastructure for psychological experiences such as emotions and moods thus alterations to the neuronal system, particularly synaptic activity has the ability to alter behaviour and mood. Through manipulation of the specific properties of neurotransmitter release, availability and deactivation, medical therapies have been advanced. For example, diminished serotonin has been implicated in attention and mood disorders and delaying the re-absorption or re-uptake into the releasing neuron favours alleviation of depressive symptoms.The anti-depressive promoter Prozac, capitalises on this process by selectively targeting seretonergic synapses to block serotonin reuptake, which results in increased bio-availability of serotonin and improved mood (Toates, 2007). The full range of human behaviour is more comprehensive than simple reflexive actions or low mood but the relevance of understanding neuronal function at a ludicrous level becomes clear when the bil lions of individual neurons that make up the straits and combine to create the neural systems responsible for particular roles are considered.For example, invasive investigations in living creature models have allowed researchers to isolate the receptive fields of specific neurons in the visual system permitting hemispheric and brain lobe functionality mapping. Comprehension in functional responsibility of brain lobes has translated into evidence supporting biological links with psychological experiences such as memory.Penfield and Rasmussen discovered that surgical long-sufferings disclosed vivid historical memories during electrical stimulation of the temporal role lobe (as cited in Toates, 2007) and electrical stimulation can now be administered through permanent implants in specific areas of the brain for relief of chronic pain. Alteration of the neural sequence is achieved by either reducing activity in pain related neurons or increasing electrical activity in neurons assoc iated with positive emotions (Toates, 2007). go on supporting evidence for biological influence over behaviour is found in incidents of extensive brain damage resulting in significant alterations to temperament with notable examples such as Phineas Gage enlightening aspects of behavioural science. Surviving an industrial accident that involved prefrontal lobe damage, Gage exhibited little deterioration to intellectual and lingual abilities but marked transformations in personality, previously considered out of character.Thus, whilst the brain and nervous system exhibit remarkable properties of functional continuation despite insult, focal damage, in this case to the region responsible for inhibition of emotional expression can produce pronounced effects on behaviour lending support to a biological explanation for some aspects of behaviour. Evidence from diseased and damaged brains provides support for biological perspectives ascribing behaviour through physiology but some aspects of human behaviour do not portray a clear uni-directionality of effect.Whilst the efficacy and mode of action of pharmaceutical agents such as Prozac implicate neuro-chemical involvement in depression, patient response is distinctively individual and Anisman and Zacharko demonstrated that external factors such as stress could contribute to the development of depression in individuals with little biological pre-disposition (as cited in Toates, 2007, p. 278). Even the mitigation of pain has been shown by Wall to be contingent on anticipation of relief in patients administered inert substances rather than Morphine (as cited in Toates, 2007, p.261). It would appear that individual beliefs and attitudes can be as important to outcomes as bio-chemical engineering. Research at a biological level augments understanding of human behaviour and has importantly led to treatments and remedies for some conditions through modification to neural function. However, an exclusively reductionist approa ch appears insufficient in the face of evidence highlighting the bilateral effect of social, environmental and experiential factors.

History and Description of a Subordinate Group Member Essay Example for Free

History and Description of a Subordinate Group Member EssayThrough turn up the history of North America, there has been one and only(a) ethnic group who has given up almost everything to the European settlers. Land, home, resources, and dignity were stolen from Native Americans. The long history of the American Indian is being written, even today. approximately forty thousand years ago, the earliest ancestors of Native Americans migrated across the Bering Strait from Asia on pack ice (Hoerder, 2005). The population rose steadily, and by the time the first off substantial settlement of Europeans was established in the New World, Native Americans lived throughout the continent. In the search for more farmland, European immigrants quickly pushed the native population out of their traditional homelands. This migration began the crowding of other native bands, forcing eastern natives to move beyond the Ohio River, thus starting a series of relocations for the Native Americans that continued through the neighboring two centuries. Less than fifty years after the end of the American Revolution, many of the tribes in the northeastern United States sold their land under hale from the newcomers. Before 1850, these natives migrated west of the Mississippi River.If you traveled to Oklahoma today you would find the same bloodlines that once roamed the New England hills (Indians The Readers Companion to American History, 1991). Wanting to live apart(predicate) from the natives and expecting them to remain controlled, reservations were established, including an Indian Territory (est. 1825) in present-day Oklahoma. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 was enacted to populate these newly established areas. President Jackson ordered the squeeze migration of Native Americans from multiple southeastern tribes.Approximately 4,000 Cherokee Indians perished in 1838-1839 on their 800-mile march, or during their succeeding internment. This tragic event has become known as the Trail of Tears. (American Indian Policy, 2002) Trying to Americanize instead of segregate the Indians, in 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which broke up reservations and gave land to individual Indian families. The idea of the Dawes Act was to assimilate Indians by giving them land from which they could profit.What followed were laws, over the next few decades, which dissolved tribal governments and placed Native Americans completely under the jurisdiction of U.S. laws (American Indian Policy, 2002). The reservation scheme is one distinctive aspect of the Native American culture that materialized from their relationship with other Americans. The United States has 310 reservations within its borders. The federal government owns 298 reservations and 12 belong to the states in which they are located. A total of 437,431 Indians resided on reservations or trust lands. That is approximately 22 percent of the Native Americans defined by the 1990 census (Shumway Jackson, 1995). The United States has turn out itself unreliable on its policies and treatment of Native Americans.The government teeters between a policy of segregation, under which Indians are treated as a self-sustaining culture, and concentration policies, which try to integrate Indian and European cultures. The United States acknowledged Indian sovereignty and established treaties with them. Unlike foreign nations, Indians shared the continent with the quickly exploitation nation who needed resources, and were quick to form treaties, giving Indians land rights and territorial sovereignty but repeatedly found ways to revoke those privileges.

Virtue Ethics And Deontology

Virtue Ethics And DeontologyThe purpose of this essay is to talk about virtue ethics, Deontology and I m going to talk about its meaning and how a mortal that practices, or have this kind of ethics system will act if he or she would be in a dilemma it is important to remember that I am going to show this on the different ethics systems that I am going to talk about, and that Ill explain it with some examples that weve learned in class. A nonher thing that I am going to express in this essay is my opinion about each ethic system that I will talk about.Virtue ethics is a system of ethics that emphasizes on the virtues or the moral character of the people. This means that it is based on what the person had done if he has done dark things then he has a mischievously moral character.Supposing that someone needs financial aid then, someone that practices the virtue ethics will eventually help him if he is a better person, he would help him because in that case the person that is helpi ng is doing charity or benevolence.Now Ill explain it with an example that Ive seen in the class of Mr. Stevens Suppose that there is a train that is going to crash five people and if you turn the roads of the train u pull down one person suppose that person is good and the other five are giving persons with bad moral character so someone that practices virtue ethics will allow the train to kill the five people.Virtue ethics is based on some features that are-Its guiding question What should I do?-Emphasis on character, not on soul actions. The goodness comes from the people that perform the act not vice versa, this means that the good people here is the one that performs the act.-It is based on the character of the person that you are helping if he is someone that has patience or benevolence he has virtues, and if he is someone that has cowardice or laziness, etc he has vices and he is not a virtuous person.-To have a virtue is to respond to some certain sorts of situations or circumstances in the appropriate way, for example having courage in a difficult or dangerous situation.-Good people are virtuous and they dont have vices.It is important to remember that the virtue ethics were created by the Greek philosophers Aristotle and Plato. It was originated in the Greek Philosophy on that time.DeontologyDeontology, also called deontological ethics, is a system of ethic that judges the morality (if its a good action or it is a bad action) of an action if the action is based on some rules or duties. So deontologists do their actions according to a rule or a responsibleness that we bay window find in two main schools of deontology that areKantAs I have said before Deontology obeys rules and Inter Kant, that was a deontologist proposed three lawsAct scarcely according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law.Act as though the maxim of your action were by your will to become a universal law of nature.Act so th at you treat humanity, whether in your own person or in that of another, always as an end and never as a means only.This one was old, he was born on 1724 and died on 1804.There is other school of deontology and it is much modern that is the W.D.Ross (1877-1971)He says that the actions on deontology were judged according to some duties that he stated, that areDuties stemming from ones own previous actions1. fidelity work to fulfill (explicit and implicit) promises/agreements into which one has entered2. Reparation duty to make up for wrongful acts previously done to othersDuties stemming from the previous actions of others3. gratitude duty to repay others for past favors done for oneselfDuties stemming from the (possibility of) a mismatch between persons merriment or happiness and their merit4. justice duty to prevent or correct such a mismatchDuties stemming from the possibility of improving the conditions of others with respect to virtue, intelligence, or pleasure5. beneficence duty to improve the conditions of others in these respectsDuties stemming from the possibility of improving ones own condition with respect to virtue or intelligence6. self-improvement duty to improve ones own condition in these respectsSpecial duty to be distinguished from the duty of beneficence7. Non-maleficence duty not to injure othersSo then according to the train example I have explained after in this essay a deontologist will let the 5 guys to die, even if they were bad persons. Ill explain it with a law that is the rule number 1 of Kant school. So a deontologist will let the 5 people to die because he follows rules, and in that case what will happen if all people would be doing an action to kill one people, the person that is doing the action is not killing him, exclusively he is doing an action, there.My opinion about this ethic system, is that this ethics system is a good system because, it respects the life of everyone and the duties and laws are very good proposed bec ause they let you make a good decision in which you would not feel guilty at the end.

The Pros and Cons of Charter School Environment

The Pros and Cons of Charter School EnvironmentAlternative Education is emerging from being a sm solely community to becoming the standard of poke forbiddening educational classes. The No Child Left Behind implemented by President Bush has granted educatees the opportunity to acquire their high school diploma. By this statement I mean to say that the students do non ease up to fall(a) between the cracks, they lav afford to go to an alternative school and get their diploma since alternative schools offer their services to students up until the age of 21. Alternative Education also cognize as Charter Schools are becoming the norm for parents to enroll their children in. Most of the claim schools were developed by parents, teachers, students, community members and government entities to restructure the educational standard. galore(postnominal) of the parents felt that their children were non getting the proper education for their children. Others felt that the educational s etting was not a safe one. Some parents felt that their children were being discriminated upon by teachers not taking the time to teach the students that were falling behind. Others had no patience what so ever to teach the students that were slow learners or were considered a nuisance. Peer pressure, gangs and another(prenominal) par fitted caused concerned for parents and community members to petition for make schools. The main goal of charter schools is to come through the students with the education they deserve.According to teatime rules and regulations, Charter schools purposes are to provide a free learning environment, an opportunity to finish high school and a choice they want to attend a Charter school irrelevant public school that they must attend the district that is in their jurisdiction. What is the requirement for admission? According to the rules and regulations under TEA charter school must allowed all students regardless of learning skills, social economics, de mographics and or family matters to apply to charter school. Since charter school guinea pig a magnitude of problems concerning space. Many of the students are on a waiting list for the following year until space is acquirable. Under any other circumstances charter schools cannot deny services to a student.All charter schools must adhere to the curriculum regulations that school districts must follow. Charter schools also follow the Texas Essential Knowledge Skill or TAKS, that public school are accountable for. Students are accepted regardless of their educational level as yen as they follow the rules they sign at the beginning of orientation. Many environmental factors that charter schools face is the size of the schools. Many of the charter schools are held in small buildings that cannot accommodate a population of 300 at a time. In order for the school to accommodate 300 students some charters schools offer a.m. or p.m. classes. A.M. classes are held from 755 until 1205. P.M. classes are held from 100 till 505 in the afternoon. Some charter schools offer tutorial afterschool or super Saturday to befriend students with the passing of the TAKS.Furthermore another factor that some charter schools face are that most of the students are considered at risk or drop outs. (Terry) The motto of our school is that all students are capable of learning as long as they use self discipline and are meticulous in attending classes. The teachers and staff are willing to go beyond their call of job to help the student accomplish their dreams of getting a high school diploma. In the process of helping the students educators must learn to handle their emotions to deal with conflict. (Moore) Having teachers function in collaboration instead of isolation from one another is also a great way of getting the students to learn from one class to another. Teachers offer tutorials for students that do not pass the TAKS. During the summer the school offers day care services while the mothers and fathers are having tutorials at the school.Many of the applicants are not able to receive service because the lack of space and the limit were required to service. Some of the contextual factors the school faces are a lack of text books. The school uses investigate based methods of keeping track on the objective the students need help on. The school uses DMAC. DMAC is web-based software program designed to calculate the percentages of the students progress. Teachers and staff can yield the developmental and assessment data available for each of the individual student in the school. The school also has available PLATO, America Preparatory Instruction (API) and C-SCOPE all of these program help students recover credits and or work on a self pace curriculum. The math department hires a consultant to help the teachers learn strategies to help the students pass the TAKS. The Language Arts department has the literature available. The school does not involve a library on the premises, but the students catch access to computers with internet availability. The social studies classes have an abundance of documentations of the Wars, Civil rights movement and other educational and anti gang documentation. The science department has labs available that student use to have actual hands on knowledge of the content. The students use the TEKS based curriculum.The school also offers a different approach to learning. The school does not have traditional setting implementation. Teachers are at their discretion to use whatever setting they wish to use. TeachersThe curriculum being used is student-centered and competency based. The classrooms have a small group student-teacher ratio with individualized assistance. The school hours are flexible. Students can either go in at 900 a.m. or 200 p.m. if they are not lacking that many credits. The environment of the school is safe and respectful, the school has three security guards available and all the classes have ca meras. Depending on the adjustment year seniors need a minimum credits, or recommended to receive a high school diploma once all state requirements have been met. The students have an opportunity to learn from teacher directed instruction, and since the classes are small the students have a more interactive opportunity with the teachers. The school where Im at, four counselors are available for all students. Community in Schools program is also offered at the school, they provide bus tickets, monies to help pay for prescription glasses, and or help the family with rent. According to TEA and the accountability report card from TEA about, 50% to 90% of the students enrolled in an educational programs administered by SAPI are defined as at-risk and/or of dropping out of school as defined in TEC Section 29.081(d) (1). Most of the students we provide services to are students with poor self-concept, family difficulties, social mis precede, and poor decision-making, below fool level read ing and verbal skills, the in availability to adjust to traditional method of classroom instruction at the middle and high school levels. (SAPI) low academic accomplishment can generate a magnitude of problems for the students behavior towards school-related areas, such as indifference from extracurricular activities tardiness and truancy inappropriate school conduct resulting in frequent absences via suspension, the loss of academic credit apathy and poor peer/adult relationships.In conclusion charter district offered an opportunity for all high school students to attend a school of their choice. Many students enjoy the interaction they get at a charter school. At a charter each student is treated equally and with respect. The teachers believe in the students that they can succeed and charter schools have the capability to offer many services not offered in a public school setting. The teaching philosophy at charter schools is that the students are given the benefit of the doubt th at they can achieve their sufficient potential as successful, productive and caring members of the world. Students are teacher understand that regardless of their problem the student will persevere in achieving their goals of getting a diploma. One of the perks that charter school face is that if they get unacceptable performance for two consecutive years it can and will be shut down. Whereas, a traditional public schools are allowed to have five consecutive years of unacceptable performance before being shut down.

The Elderly And Mental Health

The Elderly And Mental HealthThis assignment will look issues somewhat sure-enough(a) multitudes genial health, in particular, derangement and abuse this will complicate demographics of older population, statistics, the history, definitions and causes of aberration, and finally the lack of legislation to hold dear vulnerable plurality from impairment and the implications for social work practice.The population surge at the end of world war 2 has gave rise to an unprecedented population explosion and to what we now retrieve the baby boomers, these people are now in their retirement years(Summers Et al, 2006), and our population now contains larger parting of older people that ever. In society right away elder people are becoming the fastest increasing population in the UK, National Statistics (2009) states that the population of the UK is ageing. Over the last 25 years the percentage of the population aged 65 and over increased from 15 per cent in 1983 to 16 per cent i n 2008, an increase of 1.5 million people in this age group. Due to the increase of the ageing population we are now seeing emerging health and social care issues in our society. Many older people will be active, involved within the community, and independent of others. However, as you get older it is natural to experience pain, a decline in mobility or mental awareness.Mind (2010) states that the most common mental health difficultys in older people are depression and dementia. There is a greatspread judgment that these problems are a natural part of the ageing care for, but this non the case it can buoy start as early 40 but is much common in older people (Royal college of Psychiatrists, 2009), however, there lone(prenominal) 20 per cent of people over 85, and 5 per cent over 65, reserve dementia 10-15 per cent of people over 65 have depression (Mind, 2010). It is important to remember that the majority of older people remain in good mental health. Dementia mainly affect s older people, although it can affect younger people there are 15,000 people in the UK under the age of 65 who have dementia (Alzheimers society, 2010). However, currently 700,000 or one person in every 88 in the UK have dementia, incurring a yearly cost of 17bn, and the capital of the United Kingdom School of Economics and Institute of Psychiatry research calculated that to a greater extent that 1.7 million people will have dementia by 2051 reported by BBC news (2007).The word dementia comes from the Latin demens meaning without a mind. References to dementia can be ground in Roman medical texts and in the philosophic works of Cicero. The term dementia came into common usage from the 18th Century when it had both clinical and legal connotations. Dementia implied a lack of competence and an softness to manage ones avow affairs. Medical use of the term dementia evolved throughout the 19th century and was used to describe people whose mental disabilities were secondary to acqui red creative thinker damage, usually degenerative and often associated with old age (Kennard 2006). From the 20th century onwards scientific knowledge was supplemented through the examination of the brain and brain weave which was founded and per reverberateed by a physician Alois Alzheimer (Plontz, 2010). The National service framework (Department of Health, 2001, p96) now defines dementia as a clinical syndrome characterised by a widespread way out of mental function.The term dementia is used to describe the symptoms that occur in a group of diseases that affect the normal working functions of the brain. This can lead to a decline of mental ability, affecting memory, thinking, problem solving, concentration and perception, also problems with speech and understanding (Mind, 2010). Dementia is progressive, which convey the symptoms will piecemeally get worse. How fast dementia progresses will depend on the individualistic. Each person is unique and will experience dementia in their own way (Alzheimers society, 2010). Symptoms of dementia include deprivation of memory, Mood changes, and Communication problems. In the later stages of dementia, the person affected will have problems carrying out everyday tasks, and will become increasingly dependent on other people, two thirds of people with dementia live in the community while one third live in a care kinfolk (Alzheimers society, 2010). There are galore(postnominal) types of dementia, and some of the causes of dementia are rarer than others, Alzheimers disease is the most common cause, damaged tissue builds up in the brain to form deposits called plaques and tangles, these cause the brain cells around them to die (Royal college of Psychiatrists, 2009). Other most commonly known is vascular disease, Dementia with Lewy bodies, Fronto-temporal dementia. nighly, patients themselves do not present to the clinician with dementia, owing to gradual onset and denial of the problem. There is no cure for dementia but there is medication that will attend to slow down the progression of the disease. When finding help for dementia it is usually the primary carers, caregivers, supporters, partners or family members who initiate asking help and a diagnosis (Brodaty, 1990).Depression may be misdiagnosed as dementia the difference being that people who have depression are more likely to be aware of their issues therefore are able to discuss them, whereas soul with dementia may not be able to do this payable to their symptoms. Nonetheless, the Mental Capacity do work (2005) states that every person has the right to make their own decisions and must be assumed to have capacity unless otherwise proven and people should be supported to make any decisions. Under the MCA, you are demand to make an assessment of capacity before carrying out any care or treatment (Office of the public guardian, 2009). The Mental capacity act is an act that protects individual rights and ensures that the persons libe rty is not taken. It is based on best practice and creates a single, coherent framework for dealing with mental capacity issues and an improved system for cave in disputes, dealing with personal welfare issues and the property and affairs of people who lack capacity. It puts the individual who lacks capacity at the heart of decision making and places a well emphasis on supporting and enabling the individual to make their own decisions (Office of the public guardian, 2009). However, even with a structure in place to protect individuals rights and liberties many people who have dementia are more vulnerable to abuse due to their lack of capacity. The University College London research revealed that a third of carers admitted significant abuse, in total 115 carers reported at least some abusive behaviour, and 74 reported more serious levels of mistreatment (Cooper et al, 2009). Caregivers can also be on the receiving end of verbal or physical abuse directed at them by parents or spous es who are confused and angry over declining mental capacities due to stroke and Alzheimers disease. In some cases, Alzheimers disease or other forms of dementia may cause the patient to be uncharacteristically aggressive (Coyne, 1996).It is only in recent years that abuse of the elderly has become more apparent, Crawford Et al (2008, p122) argues that over time it has very slowly come to the attention of people in the last 50 years that abuse does actually exist behind closed doors in the 1950s older people lived in large families where issues were hidden, and in the 60s to 70s older people started living alone or in residential homes and it was not until the early 80s that abuse had started to be recognised and defined. Penhale and Kingston(1997) argue that over the years it has been difficult to emphasise the issues of abuse due to not finding a sound theoretical base to which an agreement of a standard definition can be made and applied. Action on elder abuse (2006) defines elde r abuse as A single or repeated act or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust, which causes harm or distress to an older person. Abuse comes in not near physical abuse it comes also in sexual, psychological, neglect, discrimination and financial as well. Older people may be abused by a wide range of people including family members, friends, professional staff, care workers, volunteers or other service substance abusers, abuse can also be perpetrated as a result of deliberate, neglectfulness or ignorance (Royal pharmaceutical society (RCA), 2007). Abuse can occur in a variety of circumstances and places such as, in own home, in a residential or day care setting or hospital and can by more than one person or organisation. Pritchard (2005) asserts that we will neer have a true picture of the prevalence of elder abuse due to the unreported cases, and can only count ones that are known to organisations and services.Most abu se is still unreported due to victims being frightened, ashamed and embarrassed to report the abuse, not realising their rights or not being able to due to tier mental health. Summers et al (2006, p7) points out that those statutes that make abuse criminal are often ineffective due to them not being utilised by the victim, and this means that this will be the biggest challenge and barrier for change in getting people to recognise the scale of the problem and raising awareness so that the brass agree to change the legislation to protect older people. Abuse of any kind should not be ignored and there should be legislation to protect adults from abuse like there is in child guard, people who recognise the extent of elder abuse argue why should adults be treated as second class to children, is their suffering and deaths any less important? The Alzheimers Society (2010) states that abuse of people with dementia should be considered in the same way as child abuse.Crawford and Walker (2 008, p12) state that prejudice refers to an inflexibility of the mind and thought, to values and attitudes that stand in the way of fair and non judgmental practice. Thompson (2006, p13) defines discrimination as the process in which difference is identified and that difference is used as the basis of unfair treatment. A barrier to recognising the abuse of people with dementia and older people is that of social stigma, negative perceptions and connotations of words for mental health, such as confused or senile. Confused is something that we all experience at some time in our lives, whereas senile is a more complex word and the first recording of its usage was neutral meaning pertaining to old age, but now has negative connotations connect to mental decline due to age (Crawford and Walker, 2008). Therefore, challenging peoples perceptions requirements to through with(p) to change these social constructs to enable a change in legislation and fortress of vulnerable adults. In March 2010 the department of health ran a series of campaigns to address poor public understanding of dementia which included TV, radio, press and online advertizing featuring real-people with dementia (Department of health, 2009).In 2009 the first ever dementia strategy was launched that hopes to transform the quality of dementia care, It sets out initiatives designed to make the lives of people with dementia, their carers and families better and more fulfilled It will increase awareness of dementia, ensure early diagnosis and intervention and radically improve the quality of care that people with the condition receive. Proposals include the introduction of a dementia specialist into every general hospital and care home and for mental health teams to assess people with dementia (Department of health, 2009). However, this is not legislation it is just a strategy for dealing with people with dementia. The government are recognising that there is little bulwark for vulnerable adults and t hat further legislation need to be put in place and stating that dementia care is a priority (BBC news, 2007). At present, there is no one specific legislation which directly protects vulnerable adults, instead the applicable duties and powers to assess and intervene are contained within a range of legislation and frameworks, such as the Mental Capacity Act 2005 and Mental Health Act 2007 and the national service framework for older people. One of the themes for national service framework (NSF) is respecting the individual which was triggered by a fright about widespread infringement of dignity and unfair discrimination in older peoples access to care. The NSF therefore leads plans to tackle age discrimination and to ensure that older people are treated with respect, according to their individual needs, specifically in standard 2 it relates to person centred care (Crawford and Walker, 2008, p8).And expectation of NSF is that there must be systems and processes put in place to ena ble multi agency working. In 2000 the government published No secrets which is direction that requires local authorities to set up a multi agency framework which includes health and the police with a lead person (adult social care) to carry out procedures into the allegations of abuse whilst balancing confidentiality and information sharing (Samuel, 2008). No Secrets is only guidance and does not carry the same status as legislation, the LAs compliance is assessed through an inspection process, therefore the LA can with good creator choose to ignore the guidance (Action on elder abuse, 2006). This has concerned agencies who want to see the protection of adults given the same equivalent priorities as child protection and think that legislation is the only way to accomplish this.A review of No Secrets guidance has been carried out in 2008 and consulted with over 12000 people (Department of Health, 2009), the report found that over half (68%) of the respondents were in agreement to ne w safeguarding legislation and 92% wanted local safeguarding boards to be placed on a statutory base and still there is no legislation to protect vulnerable adults (Ahmed, 2009). A recent article in community care told the failure of the government to seat to making a policy has only strengthened campaigners fight and given rise to criticism (Ahmed, 2009).The need to protect vulnerable people brought about the protection of vulnerable adults shunning (POVA) which is run by the Department of Health to regulate and monitor the employment of staff in the social care workforce, through this scheme a list of people who are unsuitable to work with vulnerable people is kept. More recently, the Safeguarding of Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 which was launched in 2008 replaced POVA with the Independent Safeguarding Authority (IDeA, 2009). The problem with this is that abusers of dementia sufferers are usually family member or informal carer that are under considerable stress and may not recei ving help from within the health and social care system, therefore, an abusive situation can carry on for some time until the situation is found by an outsider. This situation may only be found when a informal carer starts asking for help, and when informed of the situation it is good practice and essential to make sure that carers are getting the help they need which can prevent the abusive situations. Under the 1995 Carers (Recognition and Services) Act carers are entitled their own assessment of need and by doing so this may depart for respite or payments to be made for their services (Parker Et al, 2003). University College London researchers who interviewed people caring for relations with dementia in their own homes stated within their research that enceinte carers access to respite, psychological support and financial security could help end mistreatment (Cooper et al,2009). When working with relatives who are carers it is important to remember who is the service user, alt hough it is important to ascertain the wishes of the relative it should not override the wishes of the service user, this is especially true when there is a break down in the care of the service user and the carer wishes the service user to be placed in care.Many older people with dementia receive care in a residential home this may be due to family member no longer being able to cope with the care of the person. The local authority has a duty to assess the needs of a person with dementia ensuring that their wishes are heard and adequate care is put in place. Assessment is an ongoing process, in which the client participates, the purpose of which is to understand people in relation to their environment it is a basis for planning what needs to be done to maintain, improve or bring about change in the person, the environment or both (Anderson Et al, 2005).The trouble with placing people with dementia in care homes is there are not enough care homes specifically for people with dementi a and people end up in a home that do not have trained staff to cope with individual needs of someone with dementia, therefore, people s wishes may not be heard. As part of the joint assessment process it is the social workers role to ascertain the wishes of the individual, this is done by assessing their needs in an holistic way which includes and medical and social aspects of the person. If there is doubt as to the mental capacity of the person then a mental capacity assessment will need to be acquired by asking to joint assess with community psychiatric nurses (CPN). Priestley (1998) states that the community care reforms realized the principle of joint working between health and social services authorities as a priority for effective care assessment and focusing with social services taking the lead role.In conclusion there seem to have been many shifts in the direction of how policy and procedures framework and guidance care for people with dementia, although there is still no firm legislation to protect them. However, there seems to be more recognition of the issues that surround dementia and future day goals are towards the training of people to understand those issues so that professionals are able to deal with the complex needs of a person with dementia.Word count 2969

Flamenco Essay -- essays research papers

Flamenco is an individualistic folk art, a genuine Southern art form, which was mainly originated by Andalusian gypsies. It exists in 3 forms El cante, song, el baile, dance and guitarrra, guitar playing. Its roots also are with Arabs, Spanish Jews and socially outcasted Christians. The gypsy dancing essence is song, which is usually tended to(p) by guitar and improvised dance. Complex rhythmic patterns and sophisticated footwork differs from other European dance forms. The word " flamenco" has been questioned on why an Adalucian music form would be represented by a word that meant Flemish or flamingos. Most believe that it was Carlos I who brought with him to Spain from Flanders an inbuilt Flemish court. These Flemish court men, on their detached time, partied with the gypsies. The two were groups were called Flemish which later translated into flamencos and as their dance culture blossomed, the word stuck.     The dance music of flamenco is often div ided into 3 categories jondo, chico, or cante. Jondo is a word that means profound or serious. The music of this sort is usually intensely sad having to do with death, anguish or despair and also characterized as the cry of oppressed people for many years. Chico means light and deals with love, gaiety, humor or the countryside. El Cante is the roughly important which inspires "el toque" guitar playing and el baile."An typeface of a jondo would be a more serious flamenco in which hatred... Flamenco Essay -- essays research papers Flamenco is an individualistic folk art, a genuine Southern art form, which was mainly originated by Andalusian gypsies. It exists in 3 forms El cante, song, el baile, dance and guitarrra, guitar playing. Its roots also are with Arabs, Spanish Jews and socially outcasted Christians. The flamenco essence is song, which is usually accompanied by guitar and improvised dance. Complex rhythmic patterns and sophisticated footwork diff ers from other European dance forms. The word "flamenco" has been questioned on why an Adalucian music form would be represented by a word that meant Flemish or flamingos. Most believe that it was Carlos I who brought with him to Spain from Flanders an entire Flemish court. These Flemish court men, on their spare time, partied with the gypsies. The two were groups were called Flemish which later translated into flamencos and as their dance culture blossomed, the word stuck.     The dance music of flamenco is often divided into 3 categories jondo, chico, or cante. Jondo is a word that means profound or serious. The music of this sort is usually intensely sad having to do with death, anguish or despair and also characterized as the cry of oppressed people for many years. Chico means light and deals with love, gaiety, humor or the countryside. El Cante is the most important which inspires "el toque" guitar playing and el baile."An example of a jo ndo would be a more serious flamenco in which hatred...

The Resistance to Change Essay -- Case Study

Think back to the first day of any class one was allowed to choose the place of their choice. The second day, everyone decides to sit in the same seating as the previous day. The third day comes along and as one walks into the class room, one notices that someone is sitting in their seat. The sensation of existence thrown off balance takes over along with being uncomfortable for the remainder of the day. The following questions then arise why does this phenomenon occur? Yukl states Resistance to assortment is a common phenomenon for individuals and presidential terms (Yuki, 285). Lets now turn our attention at the baptistery study that was presented by Almah J. Joseph Dilemma at the Public supporter Department. Being placed into a high political office or in any leadership position can be difficult to passing into when it is a new organization they are entering. The new leader placed in office already contains a new perspective as to how the organization should be run. On the other hand, the employees that are already in the organization have the cultural perspective that was placed upon them through their previous leader. Like the seating phenomenon that was previously described, there will be resistance to permute, and as a leader in an organization, they must find a way to make this change occur. Appointed for the first time as commissioner of the Public Service Department, Alex is faced with the dilemma of attempting to fixed, what seems to be a corrupt Department. In Grover Starlings book, Managing the Public Sector, he describes a few pitfalls of public-sector planning in which Alex seems to be practicing (Starling, 227). These pitfalls include under planning, trying to do too much, and ignoring unintended consequences.First ... ...al perspective to reassure that masses internally and externally are being taken care if fairly. Patience in this case would have been helpful and allowed him more than a day to pass water for how he could have tackl ed the issue. Instead of tackling all three cases, he could have gone with a more realistic approach of handling the situation. One case at a time would have been more ideal than tackling them all at one. All in all, Alex made some mistakes but his actions were for the right reasons. work CitedJoseph, A., M. The Dilemma at the Public Service Department in Public Performance & Management Review, Vol. 24, No. 3, March 2001, pp. 285-287Starling, G. (2010). Managing the public sector. (9th ed.). Boston, MA Wadsworth Pub Co.Yukl, Gary. 2006. leading in Organizations, 6th edition. Upper Saddle River,NJ Pearson Prentice Hall, Chapter 10.