Design and Technology Essay

ChairJames Lillis fashion designer of Black Milk online shop â€Å"A lot of people want to know how Black Milk came to be. Well, it’s a long story, full of twists and turns, action and adventures. There are even a few scary bits. But seeing as you asked†¦ why don’t you pull up a metaphoric chair around my metaphoric fire and I’ll tell you the story of Black Milk†¦ â€Å" When James was young, there was a time that he was broke, and everyone around him seemed to have a great job that they enjoyed, â€Å"I was broke, bored and rather cold. At that point most people would have got a job and a beanie, but not I†. He woke up one morning with a desire to make himself a shirt, he went out and bought a second hand sewing machine, and with only $6 left in his wallet, he bought the cheapest nylon lining that he could find. He still does not know why he had such random impulse but he is very glad he did, â€Å"It was these fateful decisions that lead me down the path to Black Milk†. Nylon lining is one of the least attractive fabrics in the market; he had to make a fitted shirt with no one to teach him how to sew this complicated fabric. â€Å"It was tragic. The stitching was wrong, the pieces were cut weird, and the neck was a nothing more than a hole. And I loved it† From that moment, things changed. He began doing odd jobs, but â€Å"at the back of my mind I was plotting and planning. If I got ten bucks it wasn’t just ten bucks †¦ it was half a meter of printed fabric. Three dollars was a new packet of needles. A hundred bucks meant I could get my machine fixed. † With all his enthusiasm he worked in trial and error testing different ways of sewing bits and pieces of fabric. â€Å"You will immediately notice: 1. Both legs are too short 2. The pattern on the right leg is upside down (Hey, I’m a slow starter, alright?! ) However, despite this every girl who tried them on wanted to buy them. Which was super encouraging for me. So I kept going. † After one week of teaching himself how to sew with a half working machine, he went into a dance shop and bought some shiny sparkly fabric. â€Å"The shop was full of mothers, grandmothers, and me. They looked at me like I was from another planet†. He bought a tribal African print because he had seen on the shops that these prints were in fashion, he thought about the fabric and felt an intuition that it would look best on legs. He started working immediately, drew up a  pattern, cut it out and made a pair of leggings in an impressive time for a starter. He wanted to try the leggings on a model and talked to his friend who had a friend who agreed to be a model for James to see if they fit. She put them on, and they didn’t. So he cut them again, and sewed them again several times. And they still didn’t fit. â€Å"I must have recut t hose things ten times†. And finally, they fit. It was at that point that something remarkable and completely unexpected happened, this changed everything. She asked if she could buy them. She took out her wallet, gave him some money and walked off with James leggings. â€Å"I couldn’t stop smiling for the rest of the day. † It was at that point that James felt that it was not impossible. â€Å"I knew that if there was one girl prepared to buy one pair of my leggings, there were (probably) a hundred girls out there who would do the same†. He felt even more confident and he worked even harder to start his own little business â€Å"I threw myself into it with a passion. I would spend 5-6 hours a day on the sewing machine trying to figure out how to sew properly. I even attended sewing lessons at the local sewing shop (yes, I stuck out like a sore thumb). It was pretty tough in those early days. On more than one occasion I came close to throwing everything in the bin. † The next in the list was getting out and selling his designs, so he went door to door, trying to get shops to sell a few of his pieces. And after several painful no’s, one place finally agreed to display a few of James clothes in a corner of their shop. Unfortunately, a week later and they gave him every single piece back. But he was very determined and bought markets to sell his clothes in the Saturday markets. Since 5:30am every single Saturday, James stood around under the sun all day, selling his creations. He was considerably unpopular at the markets, but hundreds of girls all around the world were very interested when they found his clothes through blogging, that soon became much more famous than the tent and so James decided fatefully to make Black Milk exclusively into an online fashion label. â€Å"I talked to a few people in the industry who told me I was making a big mistake and that I would go broke within the month. I was told that online selling was only for companies with ‘real’ shops. But ‘real’ shops weren’t interested in my clothes, so I went online. As it turns out, it was a very good idea. :)† Within 3 years Black Milk have gained over 15000 fan on Facebook been so huge that the team can’t keep up with the sales and a lot of â€Å"sharkies† (Black Milk fans) are getting disappointed on the low reach of the company. James is working as fast as he can with the team to improve his production. Black milk is selling products all around the world, but James himself blogged that the top countries currently buying black milk are â€Å"So what the heck†¦ maybe we’ll just go nuts and set up a studio in the US. You only live once. And of course, we will still have our Australian studios and they will keep expanding. 🙂 Of course, it goes without saying that our strict policy about not manufacturing in the third world is not going to change any time soon. In fact†¦ never. :)† â€Å"I don’t know what this hand signal means, but if it is something along the lines of â€Å"Guess what Black Milk did a deal with LucasArts and so the most awesome clothing ever created will be available Soon†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ then it is surprisingly accurate† James is very excited that the industry grows bigger every day and very fast. â€Å"Instead of me sewing away by myself at night, we have a fantastic team who pump out thousands of garments every month. Instead of trying to get our clothes into ‘real’ shops, we’re online and loving it. Instead of selling to a few girls at the markets, we now have a community of the most amazing girls you could hope for who are passionate about the brand. However, there are some things that haven’t changed. I still love making clothes. I still love hearing from girls who buy the clothes. I love seeing all the different ways girls style their Black Milk pieces, and I love working with all the Black Milk team. Game Boy Print Swimsuit This swimsuit was posted by a number of fashion blogs and websites even before it was released, Black Milk ran out of stock in less than 2 days. Surprisingly a lot of males bought this piece to give it as a present. Spartan leggings Lindsay Lohan wearing Spartan Leggings from Black Milk’s liquid collection. The Muscle leggings â€Å"This is an idea that we have been thinking about for a while. A few people encouraged me to do it but I never quite got around to it. Then I got a spare afternoon one day and decided to have a good go at making it work. It worked†¦. perhaps a little too well! Definitely our most ‘meaty’ design.. † Posted in over 30 blog entries and internet articles, these leggings have been very controversial, both males and females from many countries have been purchasing them, in the other side, the comments from sharkies and teens on social networks show either that they absolutely love them or would not wear them at all. Composition: Polyester/Spandex Oscar Tusquets Blanca: architect, painter and designer Born in Barcelona-Spain in 1941. Studied at the School Llotja of Barcelona and the ETSAB. In 1964 he founded the PER Studio with Lluis Clotet, in which worked regularly until 1984. In 1987 Blanca associated with the architect John Smith and carried out projects in countries like Japan and Germany. In 1980 participated in the enlargement of the Barcelona School of Medicine and two years later in the remodelling of the â€Å"Palau de le Musica catalana† in Barcelona (which will be explained latter on). He also participated in various urban projects such as remodelling of the Convent dels Angels area or the construction of the Olympic Village, two projects in the Catalan capital. He has been awarded several times with the gold prize FAD Delta and in 1987 received the Creu de Sant Jordi. His Italian tradition merely lies in his close cooperation with the manufacturers of products and with his close rtelationship with the technicians. At this time it was very rare for a Spanish or Italian designer to produce working drawings from their designs. Concept sketches serve only to convince the designer himself and his assistants within the studio that a design proposal is possible and to develop the main idea; but Blanca prefers to strike up face to face discussions with those responsible for manufacture and designs may be modified many times before the shape and form of the product is finalized. Blanca believes that there are two types of technicians, â€Å"those who only see difficulties and the usually older craft-men who say ‘this may seem impossible but if I make it this way perharts it is possible’ if a designer does not propose silly things the technician will respect him, it is not possible to improvise design†. His success consists in insistent supervision, not only because he prefers to build a comfortable environment for everybody but because he believes that â€Å"if the design is a failure it is completely my fault†. He worked for several companies a lot of them owned by personal friends, he was highly attached to the technicians â€Å"they are clever and full of suggestions rather than coercive†. But he also had his up and downs, such as the disagreement with the furniture manufacturer â€Å"knoll international† which Blanca believed was overdoing the suggestion that he submit three separate design solutions for a chair. Blanca found the task â€Å"impossible to come up with† because he was a strongly innovative man and in Spain at the time, the market was cost effective and manufacturers believed cheaper to copy Italian and Swedish designs, finding a cheaper solution than that, required a bit more than cleverness including the fact that the manufacturing had to be as cheap as possible and he found the deal with the rest of the workers very hard to accept because it went against his principles. Finding one solution only was hard enough. However soon enough, Spain entered the European Community and the industry around Barcelona and Valencia begun to change as imports tariffs had dropped. It was no longer cost effective, the Italian and Swedish designs were put aside because Spanish consumers could now afford the products of competitive wares which started looking for designers. Blanca had a lot of enthusiasm in trying new inventions which he would not have had the courage to try with Italian producers. The range begun in 1984 and comprises seven different chairs. The lattest was designed for the refurbishment of Domenech I Montaners 1903 previously mentioned â€Å"Palau de le Musica Catalana† in Barcelona. It is described as an auditorium chair and much study has been applied to the acoustical problems â€Å"a good chair for a cinema is a bad chair for a conference hall† This was the final solution, designed for auditoriums. It was first used when renovating the Palau de la Musica Catalana, in Barcelona. However this design was so successful, that if a designer saw it, would think it had been evolving and being perfectioned for years rather than the truth, a lucky clever design. Underneath each seat users find a Helmholtz resonator, which, absorbs the same amount of sound as a human body when the seat is upright. The result is little difference of reverberation no matter how many people were in the hall. This design is said to be successful because is now being used in more than 50 public halls in Spain, including the Senate. This chair was only one of the innovative solutions that Blanca introduced to the â€Å"Palau de le Musica Catalana† that he spent six years enlarging, restoring and air conditioning. The In the first phase, which took several years to achieve, Blanca among with his co-workers, repaired the very damaged parts of the old building and equipped it with sanitary facilities, accessibility, safety and comfort features. These were of course unimaginable a hundred years earlier, but his team made it possible. Palau de le Musica Catalana. Sketches in the process of refurbishment of Domenech I Montaners â€Å"Palau de le Musica Catalana† However the most noteworthy part of the project was to take advantage of the adjacent unfinished church part of the site, to open up the central hidden area properly and more efficiently, even though, remarkably, Domenech had bestowed on it a richness of treatment to be compared with that of the facades, thus opening up a new entrance to the Palau. In the extension adjacent to the stage, Blanca provided services for the performers: rehearsal room, dressing rooms, library, etc In 1979, Alessandro Mendini invited eleven architects from all over the world to design a tea and coffee set: Michael Graves, Hans Hollein, Charles Jencks, Richard Meier, Paolo Portoghesi, Aldo Rossi, Stanley Tigerman, Oscar Tusquets, Robert Venturi, Kazumasa Yamashita and Mendini himself. The overall set is an exercise in micro-architecture, reflecting the various architectural styles of the day. The outcome was presented as Tea ; Coffee Piazza and 99 sets were made in silver, bearing the monogram of each designer. According to Alessandro Mendini in the â€Å"Domus† magazine, Blanca became well known because of the design of the tea set. This product is everything but aimed at all formalistic or decorative it is in fact a detailed study of the history of the teapot, how the applied arts combine with aerodynamics to manage to resolve the problem of containing and pouring hot liquid. He soon saw that the spout, which should emerge from the lower part of the pot – where the liquid is denser and less hot, had been gradually shortened and displaced towards the upper part of the vessel. This was because of the difficulty of making a separate piece and then soldering it to the base. As a result, many present-day teapots only have the slightest of notches in their upper rim for the liquid to be poured out through and this leads to problems with sloppy pouring and inevitable dripping. Another problem area is the handle, there being three traditional types: the top handle – Japanese, the lateral handle – which OTB preferred for its balance and accuracy, and, the least common – the outjutting horizontal handle. OTB discovered that the handle had also been subjected to a gradual process of simplification, leading to unacceptable levels of discomfort: overheating, imbalance, insufficient surface grip area, and so on. Models of the teapot, His studio used balsa and papier Mache for model making. For the Alessi tea set he had a wooden model made professionally because of his distance from Italy. This product is everything but aimed at all formalistic or decorative it is in fact a detailed study of the history of the teapot, how the applied arts combine with aerodynamics to manage to resolve the problem of containing and pouring hot liquid. He soon saw that the spout, which should emerge from the lower part of the pot – where the liquid is denser and less hot, had been gradually shortened and displaced towards the upper part of the vessel. This was because of the difficulty of making a separate piece and then soldering it to the base. As a result, many present-day teapots only have the slightest of notches in their upper rim for the liquid to be poured out through and this leads to problems with sloppy pouring and inevitable dripping. Another problem area is the handle, there being three traditional types: the top handle – Japanese, the lateral handle – which OTB preferred for its balance and accuracy, and, the least common – the outjutting horizontal handle.

High Tech Offenders

Cyber crimes Thesis: Cybercrime, hacking, blackmailing, fraud, piracy, cyber bullying, this are some types of crimes th at come to mind when we hear technology and crime. Every day we use technology as a part of our daily living. We are surrounded by technology we depend on technology. But this has also o pen new door for criminal to conduct their crimes. This also makes us vulnerable to those who have mater it. Microsoft piracy case 25 men were arrested and 11 where proven guilty in the national copy right Microsoft counter eiting ring.The fraudulent Microsoft cds and DVDs where sold online and where shipped from c hina to anywhere in the united stated and to Europe. The imitation Microsoft software was valu ed at 500 million dollars. Differential association theory states that criminal actions are a result of the friendships of or companionship with others. Differential association theory explained th at a person could not commit a crime without first being trained. Without prior i nfluence, is inc apable of inventing criminal behavior. ) techniques of committing the crime, which are someti mes very complicated, sometimes very simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, ratio nalizations, and attitudes Individuals become criminal due to repeated contacts with criminal activity and a lack of contact with noncriminal activity. I believe that this counterfeiting ring was built on friendships. The 25 men must have been friends of acquaintances at some point I do not believe they would hire people who did not know about their illegal actions. Social bond theory Roman meydbray 27 from San Jose.A former information technology manager of creative explosions pleads guilty to getting unauthorized access to a computer of his former employer. According to the court after two weeks of his termination he got access to the computer system and deleted an email server domain and accesses the email account of the president of creative explosion. He changed the mail s erver to reject every Incoming email causing them many losses. Social bonding theory states. The elements of social bonding include the families, commitment to social norms and institute like schools and employment and the beliefs that these are important.Social bond theory also states that is a bond is weakened or broken then unusual behavior from that Individual may occur. I believe that Roman Meybray felt betray wen creative explosion the company that he work for decided to let him go. This incident made Roman Meybrey who was a manager for creative explosions get back at them for been firing him. The bond that he had in the company was broken causing him to obtaining the unauthorized access to the employer’s computer. Learning theory Cyber bullying is when someone is harassed through the internet. Usually the victims or cyber bullying are youth.Usually to humiliate harm an individual because of information one might have through internet websites, text, chat rooms or other social networking sites. A study in Britain found that at least half of suicides among young people are related to bullying Bully-related suicide can be connected to any type of bullying, including physical bullying, emotional bullying, cyber bullying, and sexting, or circulating suggestive or nude photos or messages about a person bullying can be racist, sexist, anti-religious. Anonymous postings, comments or pictures on social networking sites.Cyber bullying are actions of someone who is a coward since they can remain anonymous behind a screen name or fake profile. Amanda Todd was a young 7ht grade girl who made a huge mistake of flashing a man over the internet. Later the man stalked her and posted her pictures over the internet. After her class mates and other students at school also bullied her online and on social networking sites. After moving and switching schools several times she was still the victim of cyber bullying, until one day she committed suicide. Bullying is a be havior that is easily learned through observing.Students justify bullying behaviors by blaming the targets of their attacks. The bully somehow makes it seem as if the victim somehow deserve the bullying. This makes the bully seem powerful and knowledgeable. Since the bully is not punished others who are observing learn that this behavior is acceptable. People learn by observing others and want nothing more but to fit in. People are influenced by other values attitudes characteristics and behaviors especially kids and young adults. Kids that are getting bullied usually don’t say anything because they fear the parents will take away their laptops of cell phone.Since cyber bullies can remain anonymous they do not fear any reprucations so they continue to bully their victim. Conclusion. It comes to show that cybercrime are committed every day. From people getting hacked and getting all there info stolen. To people pirating movie cds DVD and selling g them for much lower price. Hu rting bigger companies. Also having cyber bullies hurting people’s feelings and put them out on the public to suffer humiliation. This makes the victim to find other mean of putting a stop to it. And possibly committing suicide. This people don’t think of other am d the pain and damage they cause .

Science Projects to Make on 4th of July

Measuring Effectiveness of Customer Relationship...

Measuring Effectiveness of Customer Relationship Management strategies in achieving customer loyalty A Case Based Study of Nandos UK (Kings Cross Branch) Introduction:Businesses has grown on fast pace in last few decades. This rapid growth in business ha snot only increased the competition but also provided the customers to choose from the products .increased competition and market uncertainty has left organization to think the ways to retain and attract more and more customers. Wining the heats and minds of customers is now the ultimate goals of much organization to earn profitability. (Kicaid, 2003) It is because organizations know a satisfied customer can refer many new customers to them with no cost of marketing. Customer†¦show more content†¦It is anticipated that the possible outcome of the proposed study will create a positive business environment by enhancing customer satisfaction and creating further customer service improvement activities and achieving customer loyalty. Academic: The area of the proposed research is CRM. It is an information technology industry term for methodologies and software. This term is used as methodology in IT and software technology, all customer relationship is dealt with the help of internet in an organised way by the enterprise. Using the proposed methodology or looking at it critically might be helpful for students doing research in the similar fields in the future. Literature review: This chapter consist of theories, ideas and concept of different authors, which will support the consider topic, because CRM is very important for the attraction of customer towards organisation. If CRM of the company is improve, then more customers will come as compare to the other competitors. By this way the relationship between organisation and customers maintain. We can say that CRM is the important factor of customer relationship. â€Å"That CRM is the key to strategic competition needed to keep the focus on customer needs and for a face to face with the customers throughout the organization† (Lin and Su, 2003) Different authors define CRM with different way, in which some haveShow MoreRelatedImproving Customer Loyalty And Brand Image Essay1258 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrate the aspects of quality and strategy. According to the words of Peter (2012), most of the healthcare organizations are using different tools for promoting the health care quality in a productive way . If medical supply business failed to provide quality medical equipment services to the individuals it would directly affect the operations (Gupta 2016, p.56). 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Land Rights And Property Rights - 1006 Words

The topic I chose for our assigned is ‘property rights’. The property rights we will review are the intellectual property, industrial property, copyrights and property rights are human rights. This is of great interest to me with anything to do with property rights as they are, â€Å"arguably property rights are the foundations of all human rights.† (Wilson, T. 2015). There are so many laws that govern protecting the inventor, from the timeframe, to who has ownership of those rights. We are finding as our world becomes smaller, â€Å"protecting property is an important part of promoting the global trade. Property is classified as both physical and intellectual.† (Satterlee 2014). This also includes the copyrights, which are a form of intellectual†¦show more content†¦2014). Per the conventional wisdom the cost of copying someone else’s material should far exceed the cost of creating the material. Although there have been Intellectual Pr operty laws in place, there have been many piracy lawsuits, unfortunately, it has not slowed down or eliminated the piracy in music. The industrial property has become an organizational stake in the companies and it is also patent. Moreover, the interest has also focused more on specific issues such as the link between patents and technology transfer or the shape of what we refer to as patent systems. â€Å"In Japan, the historiography of the Japanese patent system was stimulated by commemorative works such as the three volumes of One Hundred Year History of the Industrial Property Rights System in 1984 and 1985. These were edited by the Japan Patent Office one hundred years after the introduction of the 1885 Patent Law. Beyond this commemorative perspective, in 2011 as volume in the series ‘History of International Trade and Industrial Policy’ gave an historical overview of Japan’s intellectual property policy. 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Chinas Population Problem Essay Example For Students

Chinas Population Problem Essay The Chinese government has taken the enforcement of family planning andbirthrate laws to an extreme by violating the civil rights of its citizens,which has had bad effects on the morale of its people (Whyte 161). Chinaspopulation has grown to such an enormous size that it has become a problem toboth the people and government. China, the most populous country in the world,has an estimated population of about one thousand-one hundred-thirty three pointsix million (Hsu 1). Ninety-four percent of the population thrives in theeastern half of China, which composes about forty-three percent of Chinas totalarea (Hsu 1). The eastern half of China contains its most populous cities likeBeijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin. However these cities have a low fertility ratedue to recent bandwagons of birth control. The average density in the easternhalf of China averages around two-hundred and thirty-six people per squarekilometer, whereas the density in the west half averages around ten point sixpeople p ersquare kilometer (Hsu 1). Current enforcement of Chinese lawsprevents migration between provinces without proper authorization, as thecitizens in the west half of China have a desire to live in a more urban lifewhere jobs can be found easier, and the citizens in the more populous easternhalf have a stronger desire to live in the more rural western China (Hsu 4). The Chinese have always had a large population (Hsu 1). Even in ancient timeswhere the population would never fall below sixty million (Hsu 1). Later, inthe eighteenth century the population rose exceedingly and China became thestrongest and most economically wealthy (Hsu 1). By the time the Qing Dynastyruled, the fertile people of China had reached a population of three-hundredmillion (Hsu 1). The birthrate in China did decline in the nineteen-fifties dueto campaigning by the government on birth control (Hsu 1). However, after thepopulation decreased the government turned their attention to other matterswhile the population slowly crept up again. Once again in the nineteen-seventies the population became an issue and it received the governments fullattention. In order that the government might resolve this problem, the Wan XiShao policy, or the marry later, give longer spacing between children, andhave fewer children policy began to be enforced (Hsu 2). This policy proved tohave som e effect but it did not stop the fertile people of China, and thepopulation has steadily risen to the current population (Hsu 2). The recent laws imposed on the people of China include the One child per familylaw(Hsu 2). This law began to be enforced in nineteen-seventy-nine, so thatthe government might achieve its goal of reducing the rate of natural increaseto five per thousand by nineteen-eighty-five, and to zero by the year two-thousand(Hsu 2). The immense population had become straining on the economy andresources (Linden 1). Migration to less populous areas of China becamerestricted so that the government might be able to control the population moreeffectively and easily (Hsu 4). Currently, the one child per family law stillexist, but it has become more flexible, in that it allows a second child butwith a longer interval between the first (Hsu 2). Through the health serviceprograms across China, birth control pills, inter uterine devices, condoms,diaphragms , foams, and jellies had been distributed in a matter of time(C.Q.W.R. 1). The government made life easier for those who chose to obey thislaw by offe ring incentives such as: paid maternity leave, time off for breastfeeding, free child care, free contraceptives, and paid time off for abortionsand sterilization (Ehrlich 205). Other rewards for obeying this law and notexceeding the limit included better housing and educational opportunities fortheir children (Ehrlich 205). Doctors volunteered their services to sterilizecouples who had finished childbearing, and doctors also provided free abortionsat local clinics and hospitals (Ehrlich 205). However the government hasencountered resistance in rural areas and this has led to many abuses, and oneof the reasons why the government has performed many coerced abortions andsterilizations (C.Q.W.R. 1). .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .postImageUrl , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:hover , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:visited , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:active { border:0!important; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:active , .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584 .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u4ae0e74300fe166a1a0eb308235de584:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Butterbox Babies EssayThe Chinese government has committed brutal and unjustified acts againstoffenders of the one child policy, and in general the enforcement of theselaws has taken the governments undivided attention (Ehrlich 205). Resistance bytraditional citizens who mainly live in less populous areas, have receivedinvoluntary abortions and sterilizations. China has gone to great lengths tocontrol population, and it has involved reprogramming citizens to have smallerfamilies and to

The Vocational Rehabilitation Act free essay sample

Education is regarded as a fundamental right in the United States. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vocational Rehabilitation Act or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Up until the 1970’s, however, children with disabilities were being denied this right. Congress passed landmark legislation to redress this injustice, beginning with the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and culminating with the Individuals With Disabilities Education Act. These new federal laws strived to end educational discrimination against children with disabilities, by guaranteeing all children have access to a free and appropriate education in the best environment possible. These laws made clear what schools and other public entities obligations were for the education of the disabled, and also proposed specific measures to be taken for their protection, thereby ensuring that all citizens had access to an education and the self-sufficiency and education provides. The Impact of Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973, and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) 2004, on the Education of Children with Disabilities The notion that public education is essential for a well functioning republic has a long history in the United States. The chief goal of an education is to produce a measure of self-sufficiency in an individual (Hannon, 1997). An individual is expected to determine his or her own course and not to be dependant, but function independently, and an education is the means to achieve this goal. Up until the 1970’s, education for those with disabilities did not foster independence, in fact the result was the exact opposite. People with disabilities weren’t expected to be self-sufficient, instead often ended up dependent on public funds and programs for support. (Stroman, 2003) In order to change this prevailing notion about disability, Congress first had to recognize that the rights of a section of the population were being denied, and second, they had to enact laws to safeguard the rights of these citizens. With Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (P. L. 93-112) and the first Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of 1975 (P. L. 94-142), the federal government took the first steps in making sure that all with disabilities were guaranteed a â€Å"free appropriate public education† that was to be provided in the â€Å"least restrictive environment. † (Switzer, 2003) These new guiding principles were to ensure that children with disabilities were to obtain the education they deserved. These two federal laws changed how children with disabilities were educated by 1) clearly defining disabilities, 2) making education meet the needs of an individual, instead of a one-size-fits-all solution, 3) clearly defining the school’s responsibilities, and 4) adding procedural safeguards to protect the rights of the children. Education as a fundamental right for all is based on the Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of the United States. (Hurwitz, 2008) The amendment protects us from any state depriving us of life, liberty or property, without due course of law. Children with disabilities were being deprived of an appropriate education. In its landmark decision, Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court affirmed that educational opportunities fell under the protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, and that state laws denying black children equal educational opportunities was unconstitutional. (Hannon, 1997) The language the court used made it clear that denying any group or classification of people educational opportunities was unconstitutional. (Stroman, 2003) Education had to be extended to all, on equal terms regardless of race or disability. Federal legislation was necessary to standardize all of the existing laws different states had regarding the education of children with disabilities. Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act of 1973 was designed to protect students with various educational handicaps, either physical or mental. (Hurwitz, 2008) Any entity that received funding from the federal government was now barred by law from discriminating against anyone with an educational handicap. This new law defined a â€Å"qualified handicapped person† as someone who had a physical or mental impairment that significantly limits one or more major life activities. (Sattler, 2008) A major life activity is defined in terms of function. Does the impairment limit functions, like walking, seeing, hearing, speaking, or learning? With this broad definition of disability, a wide range of individuals are covered under this act. Children that require special education, as well as children with various medical conditions that prevent them from functioning adequately in the classroom, are all protected under Section 504. The language used in Section 504 reflects the time period in which it was written. Stroman, (2003) points out that what was once cutting edge scientific terminology may over time take on new meanings which could have negative connotations with the public. In the United States â€Å"handicap† has been replaced with the term â€Å"disabled. † Legislation subsequent to Section 504 has reflected this change. Section 504 requires schools to provide a free and appropriate education for all children with disabilities. It further mandates that children with disabilities be educated in the least restrictive environment. Sattler, 2008) This requirement forces schools to accommodate children with disabilities so that their education is comparable to those children without disabilities. While it’s not always possible to accommodate every condition, the schools must make an appropriate effort. Some examples of accommodation include, giving preferential seating to a child with difficulty walking, or providing a structured learning environment to child with a learning disability. Schools are also required to provide special education services to accommodate children with more severe types of disabilities. Under Section 504, schools are required to establish procedural safeguards to protect the rights of children with disabilities and also their parents or guardians. (Sattler, 2008) Parents are encouraged to work with the schools to ensure their children are receiving appropriate assessments, along with reasonable accommodations from the schools. There must also be periodic reviews of the child’s education plans. If the parents don’t agree with the schools’ assessments, they have the right to take the school districts to federal court. Section 504 was an important first step in providing a free and appropriate education for all children in this country. It has had a meaningful impact on the education of children with disabilities by first, defining who is protected, and the school’s responsibility in meeting the educational needs of those children, and second, setting up procedures to ensure the rights of these children and their parents are protected. Perhaps more importantly, Section 504 laid the groundwork for the disability legislation that followed it. Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Congress enacted the first Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) in 1975. The law was originally called the Education for all Handicapped Children Act and has been subsequently updated, expanded, and amended several times. (Hurwitz, 2008) In 1990, President Bush signed into law the act that changed the name of the Education for all Handicapped Children to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. (Jacob amp; Hartshorn, 2003) The law introduced several important concepts that have become hallmarks of special education today. In providing a free and appropriate education for children with disabilities, IDEA introduced the concept of an individual education plan for children in special education. Schools could no longer take a one-size-fits-all approach to special education. (Switzer, 2003) Each child with disabilities would be provided with a plan on how to receive an appropriate education. Another important concept introduced in IDEA was â€Å"zero reject† (Hurwitz, 2008). No child could be rejected from receiving services, no matter how severe the disability. Whereas Section 504 interpreted disability in a broad sense, IDEA defines disability very specifically. The law defines 13 distinct categories of disability, including impairments such as mental retardation, emotional disturbance, and autism. (Sattler, 2008) All of these disabilities require special education services from the schools. A child with a medical disability, such as diabetes, while eligible for accommodation under Section 504, would not be covered under IDEA, because its narrower definition of disability. IDEA deals specifically with children in special education. Even with narrowing its definition of disabilities, IDEA covers a wide range of disabilities. The education for a child with a disability such as deaf-blindness, would be very different from the education of a child with autism, both covered by IDEA (Hannon, 1997) In order to provide an appropriate education for children with diverse kinds of disabilities, IDEA has mandated that all children have an individualized educational program (IEP). An IEP is a written document that explains the child’s needs and how the school or public agency is going to meet those needs. Sattler, 2008) An IEP must include information like the child’s present level of performance, goals, services needed, and accommodations needed. The IEP must be renewed annually and it is transferable if the child moves. In this way IDEA attempts to provide unique solutions for children with specific educational needs. In addition to providing an IEP for children in special education IDEA also requires school s to provide a full and appropriate individual initial evaluation to determine the child’s disability and educational needs. (Sattler, 2008) Specific criteria must be applied to the evaluation. The evaluation must use multiple assessment tools and strategies. It must use multiple types of information, such as academic, developmental, and medical information. The evaluation must use technically sound instruments, administered by trained and knowledgeable personnel. The assessment procedures should be non-discriminatory in nature and comprehensive in scope. This type of comprehensive evaluation is hoped to identify the nature of the child’s disability and the measures necessary to provide and appropriate IEP. Schools are also required to provide an education in the least restrictive environment under IDEA. If possible, children with disabilities should be educated in a general education classroom with an appropriate accommodation. (Hurwitz, 2008) This practice is called â€Å"mainstreaming† or â€Å"inclusion. † The rationale behind inclusion is that it may increase children’s academic achievement and self-esteem, and decrease the stigma associated with disabilities. (Sattler, 2008) IDEA also includes many procedural safeguards to protect the rights of children with disabilities and their parents. Under Section 504, parents can go directly to federal court in order to resolve disputes with schools. IDEA requires parents to try and find an administrative solution before allowing them to go to court. (Sattler, 2008) However, IDEA stresses the importance of parents being involved in all of the decisions regarding their children’s education. Parents of children with disabilities are to be given the opportunity to be members of the groups that make placement decisions, such as the IEP team. Parents also have the right to have independent evaluations of their children, at no cost to the parents. Finally parents have the right to a due process complaint. The complaint can be regarding any matter relating to the identification, evaluation, or placement of the child. The complaint must be heard and resolved in a reasonable time frame. If the school and the parent cannot resolve the complaint, the next step is mediation, where an independent mediator attempts to resolve the issues. If mediation fails, a due process hearing is convened, where an impartial hearing officer hears evidence from both sides and makes a decision based on the evidence whether or not the child received a free and appropriate education. Finally, the parents have the right to appeal the decision of the due process hearing. Sattler, 2008) Under IDEA the procedural safeguards are clearly defined and designed to ensure a free and appropriate education in the least restrictive environment. Conclusion Although Section 504 and IDEA both require schools to provide a free and appropriate education to all children, IDEA strives to clarify just what exactly that phrase means and how to achieve that goal. The definition of disability is narrowly defined. A method for meeting the needs of each individual child with disabilities is provided in the form of the individualized education program. A school’s responsibilities are also more clearly defined under IDEA than Section 504. Finally, the procedural safeguards are also more specific. Implementation of IDEA has not been without problems. In fact, school districts lobbied against the bill because of the costs. (Switzer, 2003) In defining a free and appropriate education, IDEA makes it clear that school districts and public entities must provide an appropriate education free of charge if the child is covered under the law. (Hurwitz, 2008) Problems with assessment have also arisen. IDEA mandates the usage of technically sound instruments in the assessment of disability. Flanagan (1995) pointed out that a more reliable measure was needed for the assessment of emotional disturbance, one of the 13 disabilities defined by IDEA. Finally, arguments have been made against the least restrictive environment clause. McDonough (2008) argues that a relaxing of the mainstreaming requirement of IDEA would benefit students with autism spectrum disorders, allowing them to receive the specialized education they require, and reliving the burden on general education teachers from the classroom disruptions common to the disorder. Unfortunately there is a huge amount of litigation associated with these two federal laws. The vague language used in these laws is open to many different interpretations. Who is to say what is â€Å"appropriate† in a â€Å"free and appropriate education? † How can you quantify a â€Å"substantially† limited â€Å"major life activity? † And just what constitutes a â€Å"major life activity? † Parents and school districts, alike, aren’t sure how to interpret some of these phrases, and are quite willing to litigate in order to clarify the issue. (Switzer, 2003) This leaves some important educational decisions in the hands of the courts instead of educators. Controversies aside, the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, as well as Section 504 of the Vocational Rehabilitation Act, have had a profound impact on education in the United States. Both laws seek to identify individuals who had previously been denied access to education, and provide them with a means obtaining the self-determination that an education can provide. Finally, both laws try to hold those accountable for providing an education to all of the citizens of our country. Self-determination is a privilege most of us take for granted.